The Afrikaners: Sixteen questions
A second, expanded edition of Hermann Giliomee's The Afrikaners: Biography of a People has just appeared (see here). There is a long new chapter describing the story of the often fraught relations between the Afrikaners and the ANC since the 1987 conference in Dakar, Senegal, to the present day. The following are Giliomee's answers to a series of questions on the book:
1. Why a second edition with the first one having appeared as recently as 2003?
The book sold remarkably well (25,000 in both the English and Afrikaans editions) and it was out of print at the beginning of the year after having gone through six reprints. To reprint it again would not make much sense. Simply too much has happened in the last ten years. A substantial new chapter was needed to take developments up to the present time.
2. Does it often happen that a history book gets a second edition so soon?
Not really, but it is South Africa's fate to have too much history and too much politics, particularly for a country with a relatively small population (only six million a century ago). Over the past ten years too much has happened and the public mood has changed drastically. It is almost similar to what happened in the four years before the Great Trek (1832 -1836), the four years between the Jameson Raid and the Anglo Boer War (1895-1899), the five years between the Depression and Fusion (1929 -1934), the five years after becoming a republic (1961-1966), and the nine years after P.W. Botha's Rubicon speech in 1985.
3. How do people react in such times?
It almost as if politics becomes overwhelming; people begin to feel and think differently. If the politics goes wrong, as is happening now - with the ruling elite unable or unwilling to stamp out corruption, crime and unemployment - people become angry. If things go exceptionally well, as in the first half of the 1960s, or the years of the Mandela presidency, people become euphoric and politically irresponsible. In such a period, it is as if the country is shooting the rapids. This is what we have experienced in our politics since Robert Mugabe showed how far a liberation movement was prepared to go, and how he was allowed to proceed unchallenged by our government, which had the capacity to intervene.
4. How does it change people's conception of history and politics?
People are strongly inclined to see the past in the light of the present. Take for instance the Dakar conference of 1987 between a group of Afrikaners and other "inziles" and a delegation of the ANC in exile under the leadership of Thabo Mbeki. At the time, people thought it was an exceptionally brave deed that could pave the way to a true democracy. Now the view is that they were conned by the ANC. Reading the transcript of the debates that has become available, it is clear that the inziles ignored the signs. That includes me - I was there. Another participant was the journalist Chris Louw, who died tragically the other day. He became very disillusioned about Dakar.
5. Aren't big issues, such as interpretations of the constitutional settlement, not the same?
No, they too are influenced radically. At first, the settlement was seen almost as a miracle. But over the past decade it has become clear that the major issues were not resolved. The two main parties differed radically about what was meant by good faith negotiations. The NP saw the end product as a firm social contract, while the ANC saw the drafting of a constitution as part of an ongoing revolutionary process in which nothing, not even property rights, was really fixed. Transformation trumped all. In 2007, both F.W. de Klerk and Pik Botha said they would not have signed the constitution if they had known what the ANC meant with transformation and "representivity". In the new chapter, I quote the private exchange of long letters between Pik Botha and Thabo Mbeki that was made available to me.
6. How did the different minority groups respond in that last decade to the ANC's domination?
In the case of both the Jews and the Afrikaners there are constant attempts by elites to mend fences with government. The implicit argument is that interracial and interethnic peace is quite fragile and needs regular gestures and expressions of goodwill by white communities. That strategy plays into the government's hands.
7. What has been the biggest surprise to you in the past decade?
The greatest surprise to me was the disappearance of the Afrikaners as a distinct political force. Also the failure at universities like Pretoria and Stellenbosch to safeguard the future of Afrikaans. It is particularly surprising that the University of Stellenbosch, which is well suited to become the seat of Afrikaans teaching, writing and debate, has been so prepared to discard a precious cultural heritage. At undergraduate level most classes now are taught in dual medium (English and Afrikaans combined in the same lecture) Worldwide this is acknowledged as the kiss of death - when a national language has to compete against an universal language. Dual medium at US and UP are the biggest threats to Afrikaans as a public language.
8. Why are academics prepared to throw away Afrikaans?
It is an elitist strategy and the easy option.
9. And the other surprise?
The other surprise was the collapse of business leadership. With the exception of Johann Rupert and a few others, very few business leaders have been prepared to criticise government on policy. They rarely criticised government on issues that touched on the daily lives of minorities, such as affirmative action, representivity, crime and language rights. The organisation that did its homework on mobilisation and focused action is the trade union Solidarity under the leadership of Flip Buys. It was the mobilisation of Solidarity, along with AgriSA and the FW de Klerk Foundation that forced the government in 2008 to withdraw the Expropriation Bill. This example of an alliance, of political parties, organizations and institutes combining, will become more and more necessary.
10. If business leaders are prepared to concern themselves in politics only from the anonymity of their offices, why don't they at least sponsor more media ventures, such as the English-Afrikaans magazine you suggest?
I must confess I still don't know how the heads of business leaders in SA work when it comes to social or political issues, except the determination to avoid political risk.
11. What political lessons have minorities learnt in the past decade?
The basic conflict in South Africa is between black people with political power and no real economic power and white people with economic power, but no political power. For minorities to make themselves heard they will have to learn how to organize, mobilise and agitate. As Breyten Breytenbach recently said in Afrikaans, "Opstaan". There are more than enough constitutional opportunities.
12. Breyten is an exile. Is there a role for Afrikaners in exile?
The model of Israel and its diaspora is more and more punted. The Afrikaners lack three things the Jews have: a sense of chosenness, a history of persecution and Israel. But if the language of instruction issue can be resolved something can be built up around Afrikaans schools and universities and especially bursaries to the poorer Afrikaans youths. But that will take organization.
13. Do you sense a new restiveness among Afrikaners?
Yes, definitely. I think there is a suppressed rage and anger over crime and corruption that the government is grossly underestimating. If the government does something stupid, like agreeing to a closed shop agreement for a single teachers' union there can be trouble.
14. If the present power struggle in the ANC results in a more moderate and efficient government can the Afrikaners re-negotiate their position in society, or are all three minority groups destined forever to be second-rankers?
There were three coalitions in our history and all were totally unexpected: the SAP and the Unionists in the early 1920's, the SAP and the NP in the early 1930s and the NP and the Afrikaner Party in 1947. With the exception of the first the coalition gave a much needed new base of order and stability.
15. What is the biggest challenge to the Afrikaners?
To be heard, to build effective alliances across racial and ethnic lines and to get government to respond. Chris Louw wrote in his second last column in Beeld that the government has reduced Afrikaner opinion to six percent - their share of the population. The Afrikaans press is freer than ever and Naspers is the biggest media company in Africa, but the government could not care a whit about what appears in the Afrikaans papers. I don't know what is worse: censorship or being ignored. The government takes notice only when something appears in English, and even then it may ignore it. What the country needs is a way to force government to take account of the diversity of opinion. Perhaps a monthly political journal with excellent articles in both Afrikaans and English.
16. What remains the same?
For Afrikaners, the love of the land and all its people, and for Afrikaans as a language. If one feels despondent, one can always recall the words of Jan Smuts after his party's defeat in the 1948 election. "In South Africa the best - and the worst -never happens.
Hermann Giliomee was professor of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town
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Comments
"12. Breyten is an exile. Is there a role for Afrikaners in exile?
The model of Israel and its diaspora is more and more punted. The Afrikaners lack three things the Jews have: a sense of chosenness, a history of persecution and Israel. But if . .more
by peppie on December 07 2009, 23:06
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Politics does overwhelm and the sense of it for me as a South African citizen is there is no avenue nor vision of a prosperous future, I feel an alienation and an ostracization. Personally, I find no sense of protection from the constitution, so much has . .more
by Ekenj on December 07 2009, 23:07
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FOCUS - Money - a fast movable asset.
SOCIAL - Marketing Sales. POLITICAL - Leverage or
EXIT - fast in stealth. One foot in Europe.
Known as Capitalism !
by old, female on December 08 2009, 06:49
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Brilliant insight of my political addiction since pre-WWII to final betrayal. Trewhela's Vula was a shock.
All minorities must unite against a common enemy - Dictatorship-in-process ! STAAN SAAM !
by old, female on December 08 2009, 06:56
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to the benefit of everyone
by Afrikaner on December 08 2009, 06:56
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" President Jacob Zuma, who promised businessmen that they would be making a wise investment by pledging money to the ANC."
I kid you not - see IOL news
by mv2997 on December 08 2009, 07:30
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Interesting article. In question 12 you touch a point that has been bugging me about Afrikaners. Been not from RSA, I can few their position from neutral viewpoint. Afrikaners is their own worst enemy. They do not stand together in what they believe in. . .more
by Me on December 08 2009, 07:34
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Where are you this morning? Or does the abover article hurt too much for your troubled soul? Jou volk het verdwyn soos die mis in die more son. Hulle fut is uit!
by Koos on December 08 2009, 08:02
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The Afrikaner was and is not a colonist - never sponsored by a mother country. He always had to fought for himselve. He is the only group that build a up his own language - not even the Americans can say that. The Afrikaner was the only group who . .more
by Silverlea on December 08 2009, 08:03
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The Afrikaners will stand up, if the black government thinks they are the only ones who could revolt, they have a second think coming and its not going to take for ever,we are, to put it nicely in our language "GATVOL". Corruption, crime and . .more
by Afrikaner 2 on December 08 2009, 08:03
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its nearly impossible to get hold of?
by Buyer on December 08 2009, 08:29
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"Die duiwel het die Afrikaner probeer breek deur die Anglo Boere oorloƫ met sy konsentrasie kampe, die bewind van die Engelse en die Groot Depressie, maar hy kon nie. Hy het toe besluit hy sal dit met hulle laat GOED gaan en gee toe vir hulle 1948 en 'n . .more
by Jan van Riebeeck on December 08 2009, 08:59
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While the experience of the Afrikaner is very interesting, Giliomee's myopic perspective appears almost ludicrous in the light of the unspeakable menace these purported "liberators" have proved to be even to the black "voting cattle". . .more
by Siegfried Hannig on December 08 2009, 09:04
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... is that the ANC is currently at the peak of its power like the NP was in the late 1980s. All the signs are there that the ANC as a liberation movement has served its purpose, but cannot deliver as a political party to rule properly. It's not only . .more
by Voelvry on December 08 2009, 09:25
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ons is die boere! this is just so funny!!!!!!!
by jabu on December 08 2009, 09:36
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Just remember, please, that had whites not come to this country, you would be sitting in the veldt looking after 3 cattle and 5 goats. No water in pipes, no electricity, no cars, no vehicles at all, no roads, no dams, no books, no knowledge of any kind . .more
by John Logan on December 08 2009, 11:36
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Whilst the Anglo-Boer war and events post 1994 fully justify the simmering rage the average Afrikaaner harbours, it is also alienating him from the very hand that can feed him :- viz, the english speaking and/ or bilingual white South Africans. If one . .more
by Voortrekker on December 08 2009, 11:48
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Contrary to the woefully naive assertions of some of the black commentatots on this forum, the bulk of Afrikaners and indeed the white, asian and afrikaans speaking "coloured" populations simply do not have the option of retreating to europe or Oz or . .more
by Oracle on December 08 2009, 11:55
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Prof Giliomee was one of those Broederbonders who during apartheid twisted the Afrikaner and Boer history into such tight little knots that many simply didn't know their own history any more. And it seems he's still doing it today. I personally feel that . .more
by Adriana Stuijt on December 08 2009, 11:56
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If you weren't so self absorbed you would have noticed that you didn't do everything yourselves and that the wonderful place that you built with the labour of slaves for your enjoyment has been taken away from you because you weren't sharing on the . .more
by and Zen... on December 08 2009, 12:52
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The Afrikaners dont know where they come from, are easily manipulated and as a whole, know that they wil be assimilated. It is an idealised entity created for use as a powerbase in business and politics in order to rape and pillage SA.
by RandomNumberZero on December 08 2009, 13:41
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First they have to get used to the fact that they can no longer rely on the State to maintain dominance
Secondly, a useful thriving community does not need to exclude others to survive. Stellenbosch believes in Afrikaans and Afrikaaners as a vialble . .more
by Thabo Monare on December 08 2009, 13:47
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You might want to do a spot of reading,- especially South African history. I presume you are fairly young, in-exerienced and possibly were taught the 'new p.c. version of our history', which makes good novel reading but has absolutely no bearing on the . .more
by Voortrekker on December 08 2009, 14:05
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You clearly believe that there will be a united African response to a mixed race rebellion?! You also clearly put a lot of faith in the aids-infested, ageing, fat "liberation heroes" masquerading as soldiers and policemen. Well time will tell old boy, but . .more
by Oracle on December 08 2009, 14:28
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We need each other. I quote again:"It doesn't matter if you shoot a Zebra in the white meat or the black meat...it will surely die." SA is at the cutting edge of diversification. No country in the world have come as far as us regarding transformation, but . .more
by Johnny V on December 08 2009, 14:29
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Oh boy, and here I was thinking that we'd all learnt a touch of humility especially the mighty afrikaner. Blood River reminds me of the joke of never taking a knife to a gun fight. Bullets vs spears, wonderfully brave Mr Voortrekker. The so-called K^ffir . .more
by and Zen... on December 08 2009, 14:50
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The one thing that the Afrikaner will be better off without is Christianity. It doesn't serve anybody, especially not a democracy! One doesn't have to buy into the Bible with all it's rules, regulations and many interpretations in order to have God in . .more
by Ruan on December 08 2009, 15:39
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Your ignorence places you at a disadvantage. I won't be surprised if you two are still "struggling" even with BEE and AA and EE supporting your efforts. One should never underestimate the power of the human spirit. Get a mans back up against a wall and . .more
by Johnny V on December 08 2009, 16:35
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Adriana Stuijt allegation that Giliomee was a Broederbonder is so far-fetched as her allegations that Giliomee wrote school history books. Just check Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom's list of Broeders in "The Super-Afriknaers". You won't find Giliomee's . .more
by Voelvry on December 08 2009, 16:51
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'Perhaps a monthly political journal with excellent articles in both Afrikaans and English.'
What about in Xhosa, Sotho and Zulu as well?! You would reach a larger audience and scare the un-democratic pants off the left!
by JWise on December 08 2009, 17:12
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There is no future in appealing to "Afrikaners" to unite. The essential dichotomy is between Black Nationalist racists and South Africans who realise that racism, and latterly especially Black racism, is the road to the ruin of us all.
The . .more
by mpho on December 08 2009, 17:21
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I have made peace with the disappearance of the Afrikaners; more than a decade ago and in fact I have already moved on. I grieved for my people, and I have accepted the world without us.
Even then I did not loose my brain, unlike the vast . .more
by JVR on December 08 2009, 17:47
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Adriane Stuijt calls me a Broederbonder and author of history textbooks. I was neither of the two. She obviously confuses me with an another historian with an Afrikaans surname. Perhaps she thinks all historians with an Afrikaans surname look, think and . .more
by Hermann Giliomee on December 08 2009, 18:09
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Your 3rd option is the one to do, don't leave push back even harder. Join the club which is fighting all bad politicians, we had them in the National Party and now we have them in the ANC. The thing to do is always fight against regimes and politicians . .more
by Koos on December 08 2009, 21:51
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Ons het nog n kans man! Bid en hoop en werk daaraan dat daar n groter split in die ANC geledere sal ontstaan as die wegbreek van COPE. Indien dit gebeur dan het ons n ware demokrasie in ons land. Dan sal daar deur een van die twee groot partye n koalisie . .more
by Koos on December 08 2009, 22:05
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Koos, do you understand that even if your best hope realises (and you base that on the unlikely event that the ANC will be defeated and accept defeat), that SA will still be an SA without Afrikaners/Boers as I (and even you) used to understand those . .more
by JVR on December 09 2009, 00:28
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Nee, man jy klink soos n hensopper m.a.w. gee oor. Jou ander opsies is sterf of vlug. Ek se nie dit is die Afrikaner wat die land weer sal regeer nie, wat ek se is: Indien ons (swart, bruin, indier, engels en afrikaans) saam staan teen n slegte regering . .more
by Koos on December 09 2009, 08:27
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Every different group can survive in their independence but they have to be and fit into the whole. Only as a single voting unit can we have any say over our destiny. Things will be very different in the future when the old ballies are gone. Hopefully the . .more
by and Zen... on December 09 2009, 09:47
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South Africa is very accomodating, but I think this boere are abusing the goodwill of the rest of other groupings in South Africa. Why do they feel they are so special that their language should be protected and used as a medium of instructions in higher . .more
by K Mabuyakulu on December 09 2009, 13:52
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No Koos, not a hensopper, but a realist.
You (Koos and all the others who have given up on Afrikaners and are world citizens) cannot save South Africa, not even when you join hands with and disappear into a English-speaking Creole nation. Not . .more
by JVR on December 09 2009, 17:19
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Ons sal oorlef.Die meeste mense se oe is besig om oop te gaan.En hulle sien Presies wat die ANC is.En hulle besef dat die NP het hulle uitverkoop.
Hulle is gatvol vir hierdie gemors.
Ek eis dat ons Boere grond aan ons terug gegee . .more
by alkie on December 10 2009, 06:43
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Luckily when you are white and your home language is afrikaans you can self decide whether you want to be an afrikaner or an south african in this country.
by vurkie on December 10 2009, 21:39
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The fact remains,you dont have a right to S*** on others bcoz you think you deserve better.Am not looking after cattles so try other reasonable examples.
by reggy on December 11 2009, 13:17
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Koos, jy praat soos n regte Suid Afrikaner moet :)
JvR - Jy praat asof ons nog in die verlede lewe. Daar is nie faksies van wit, swart, bruin, Indiers, ens nie. Ons is almal Suid Afrikaners wie n verskil wil en sal maak. As jy wel so . .more
by Domsie on December 11 2009, 15:45
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Die Groot Trek was onsinnig en het gelei tot hierdie gemors. Suid Afrika se grense moes van Tafelberg tot die Visrivier, suid van die Oranjerivier tot Oranjemund gestrek het. Die bevolking moes net die inwoners van die Kaap, die Khoi en San gewees het . .more
by barend on December 12 2009, 18:26
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I dont know what Reggy might have said, but the believe that it is as a result of the whites' presence that there are things such as electricity and so on, as you mentioned, that would have not existed, is unfortunate.
Stay with that believe while . .more
by Bonane on January 05 2010, 21:00
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